Management of breast implant malposition. Literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30978/GS-2023-2-76Keywords:
breast implant malposition, classification, «bottomed out» and «double bubble» deformities, symmastia, diagnosis, surgical treatment, preventionAbstract
Breast augmentation mammoplasty (BAM) remains the most common surgical procedure for women. According to ISAPS data, 1685471 women underwent BAM in 2021. At the same time, there is a high percentage of reoperations after primary breast augmentation, including breast implant malpositions (BIM): 4.7%‑5.2% after primary BAM and approximately 10% after revision BAM. These statistics refer only to severe BIM, which causes significant changes in the shape and contour of the breast and makes it look ugly. If all degrees of BIM severity are taken into account, its incidence may be much higher. The tendency of a foreign body to dislocate is a common medical problem. Implants are no exception, especially since their fixation cannot be recognized as absolute. Therefore, BIM is, to some extent, an expected complication.
This literature review is devoted to one of the controversial problems of aesthetic surgery: the management of breast implant malposition (BIM) after augmentation mammoplasty. The review provides a critical analysis of the data on the classification, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis of ВIM, and assessment of its severity. The methods of treatment of ВIM, including the use of own tissues and additional materials, are comprehensively covered, with an emphasis on controversial aspects. The approaches to the prevention of ВIM are outlined. According to the literature, the frequency of ВIM is not known for certain since no quantitative or even qualitative assessment of its degree has been developed so far. This also limits the ability to compare the results of different treatments for ВIM in terms of the frequency and severity of malposition. Risk factors are not sufficiently assessed, and as a result, there are no generally accepted algorithms for their prevention and treatment. There is a lack of comparative studies of implant malposition treatment methods. Most studies include different revision surgeries, different anatomical implant placement planes, different implant styles, and different follow‑up durations for postoperative patients. Because of this and the lack of standardization in research, it is unclear which procedures achieve the best results. Further research is needed on the prevention and treatment of MIMS.
References
Mishalov GV, Khrapach VV, Markulan YL, Khrapach VO, Zakhartseva IO. Rotation of mammary implants one year after the primary augmentic mammary plastic surgery. Surgery of Ukraine. 2018;(1):70-4. Ukrainian.
Mishalov VH, Nazarenko IA, Khrapach VV, Markulan LIu. Efektyvnist vykorystannia sitchastoho alotransplantata pid chas khirurhichnoi korektsii retsydyvnoho ptozu molochnoi zalozy. Khirurhiia Ukrainy. 2014;(2):7-12.
Mishalov VH, Nazarenko IA, Khrapach VV, Markulan LIu, Hrabovyi OM, Okhotska OI. Do pytannia pro dotsilnist formuvannia dublikatury poverkhnevoi fastsii v kombinatsii z sitchastym alotransplantatom dlia mastopeksii ta auhmentatsiinoi mamoplastyky (eksperymentalne doslidzhennia). Khirurhiia dytiachoho viku. 2014;(1-2):8-13.
Adams WP. Breast deformity caused by anatomical or teardrop implant rotation. 2003 May;111(6):2110-1. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000057704.93273.17.
Adams WP Jr, Mckee D. Matching the implant to the breast: a systematic review of implant size selection systems for breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Nov;138(5):987-94. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002623.
Aquinati A, Tuttolomondo A, Ruocco G, Riccio M. Improvement of superomedial breast reduction and mastopexy with a new ‘‘hammock’’ flap. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019 Jul 26;7(7):e2309. http://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002309.
Araco A, Gravante G, Araco F, Delogu D, Cervelli V, Walgenbach K. A retrospective analysis of 3,000 primary aesthetic breast augmentations: postoperative complications and associated factors. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2007;31:532-9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-007-0162-8.
Arquero PS, Zanata FC, Ferreira LM, Nahas FX. Capsular weakness around breast implant: a non-recognized complication. World J Plast Surg. 2015;4(2):168-74.
Atiyeh B, Ghieh F, Chahine F, Oneisi A. Ptosis and bottoming out following mastopexy and reduction mammoplasty. Is synthetic mesh internal breast support the solution? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2022 Feb;46(1):25-34. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02398-x.
Auclair E, Mitz V. Cure de la ptose mammaire par mise en place d’un soutien-gorge interne resorbable et cicatrice periareolaire [repair of mammary ptosis by insertion of an internal absorbable support and periareolar scar]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1993 Feb;38(1):107-13.
Awaida CJ, Paek L, Danino MA. A new technique for breast pocket adjustment: argon beam thermal capsulorrhaphy. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022 Jul 25;10(7):e4437. http://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000004437.
Ayeni OA, Ibrahim AM, Lin SJ, Slavin SA. Acellular dermal matrices in breast surgery: tips and pearls. Clin Plast Surg. 2012 Apr;39(2):177-86. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2012.02.003.
Baeke JL Breast deformity caused by anatomical or teardrop implant rotation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002 Jun;109(7):2555-64; discussion 2568-9. http://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200206000-00060.
Baxter RA. Intracapsular allogenic dermal grafts for breast implant-related problems. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Nov;112(6):1692-6; discussion 1697-8. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000086365.25453.C3.
Becker H, Lind Ii JG. The use of synthetic mesh in reconstructive, revision, and cosmetic breast surgery. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2020 Aug;44(4):1120-7. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-020-01822-y.
Becker H, Shaw KE, Kara M. Correction of symmastia using an adjustable implant. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005 Jun;115(7):2124-6. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000164682.07583.a8.
Bengtson B. Acellular dermal matrices in secondary aesthetic breast surgery: indications, techniques, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(5, Suppl 2):142S-156S. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318261ef9c.
Bracaglia R, Servillo M, Fortunato R, Gentileschi S. The triple plane, the bra-flap, and the inverted bra-flap modified dual plane techniques for breast augmentation. Aesthet Surg J. 2020 Mar 23;40(4):NP141-NP151. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz160.
Brink RR. Sequestered fluid and breast implant malposition. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996 Sep;98(4):679-84.
Brown MH, Somogyi RB, Aggarwal S. Secondary breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Jul;138(1):119e-135e. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002280.
Calobrace MB, Schwartz MR, Zeidler KR, Pittman TA, Cohen R, Stevens WG. Long-term safety of textured and smooth breast implants. Aesthet Surg J. 2017 Dec 13;38(1):38-48. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx157.
Calobrace MB, Mays C. Shaping the breast: augmentation mastopexy. In: Movassaghi K (ed.) Shaping the breast a comprehensive approach in augmentation, revision, and reconstruction, 1st edn. Springer, Cham, Switzerland; 2021. P. 35-65.
Calobrace MB, Mays C, Wilson R, Wermeling R. Popcorn capsulorrhaphy in revision aesthetic breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2020 Jan 1;40(1):63-74. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy324.
Castello MF, Lazzeri D, Silvestri A, et al. Maximizing the use of precapsular space and the choice of implant type in breast augmentation mammaplasty revisions: review of 49 consecutive procedures and patient satisfaction assessment. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2011 Oct;35(5):828-38. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9704-1.
Castello MF, Silvestri A, Nicoli F, Dashti T, Han S, Grassetti L, Torresetti M, Perdanasari AT, Zhang YX, Di Benedetto G, Lazzeri D. Augmentation mammoplasty/mastopexy: lessons learned from 107 aesthetic cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2014 Oct;38(5):896-907. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-014-0388-1. Epub 2014 Aug 7. PMID: 25099500.
Ceelen KK, Gawlitta D, Bader DL, Oomens CW. Numerical analysis of ischemia- and compression-induced injury in tissue- engineered skeletal muscle constructs. Ann Biomed Eng. 2010 Mar;38(3):570-82. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-9859-y.
Chasan PE. Breast capsulorrhaphy revisited: a simple technique for complex problems. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(1):296-301. discussion 302-293.
Chopra K, Gowda AU, Kwon E, Eagan M, Grant Stevens W. Techniques to repair implant malposition after breast augmentation: a review. Aesthet Surg J. 2016 Jun;36(6):660-71. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv261. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
Chung B, Hall-Findlay EJ. Late seromas in Natrelle 410 form-Stable silicone breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 Sep;140(3):500e-501e. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003615.
Clemens MW, Jacobsen ED, Horwitz SM. 2019 NCCN consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Aesthet Surg J 2019 Jan 31;39(Suppl 1):S3-S13. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy331.
Daar DA, Gandy JR, Clark EG, Mowlds DS, Paydar KZ, Wirth GA. Plastic surgery and acellular dermal matrix: highlighting trends from 1999 to 2013. World J Plast Surg. 2016 May;5(2):97-108.
Danino A, Rocher F, Blanchet-Bardon C, Revol M, Servant JM. A scanning electron microscopy study of the surface of porous-textured breast implants and their capsules: Description of the «velcro» effect of porous-textured breast prostheses (in French). Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2001;46:23-30.
de Benito J, Sanchez K. Secondary breast augmentation: managing each case. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010 Dec;34(6):691-700. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-010-9510-1.
De Bruijn HP, Johannes S. Mastopexy with 3D preshaped mesh for long-term results: development of the internal bra system. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008 Sep;32(5):757-65. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-008-9186-y.
Denney BD, Cohn AB, Bosworth JW, Kumbla PA. Revision breast augmentation. Semin Plast Surg. 2021 May;35(2):98-109. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727272. Epub 2021 Jun 8.
Dixon JM, Arnott I, Schaverien M. Chronic abscess formation following mesh mastopexy: case report. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010 Jul;63(7):1220-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2009.12.003.
Dowden DI. Correction of implant rippling using allograft dermis. Aesthetic Surg J. 2001 Jan;21(1):81-4. http://doi.org/10.1067/maj.2001.113438.
Fisher J, Handel N. Problems in Breast Surgery: A Repair Manual by Taylor&Francis Group; 2014. 151 р.
Fisher J. Mastopexy without implant exchange. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2014. P. 329-334.
Frame J. The waterfall effect in breast augmentation. Gland Surg. 2017 Apr;6(2):193-202. http://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2016.10.01.
Friedman T, Davidovitch N, Scheflan M. Comparative double blind clinical study on round versus shaped cohesive gel implants. Aesthet Surg J. 2006 Sep-Oct;26(5):530-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2006.08.004.
Gabriel A, Maxwell G. Treatment of Implant Malposition. In: Managing Common and Uncommon Complications of Aesthetic Breast Surgery. Springer; 2021. 250 p. ISBN 978-3-030-57120-7. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57121-4.
Gawlitta D, Li W, Oomens CW, et al. The relative contributions of compression and hypoxia to development of muscle tissue damage: An in vitro study. Ann Biomed Eng. Feb;35(2):273-84. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-006-9222-5. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
Giot JP, Paek LS, Nizard N, et al. The double capsules in macro-textured breast implants. Biomaterials. 2015 Oct;67:65-72. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.010.
Góes JC. Periareolar mastopexy: double skin technique with mesh support. Aesthet Surg J. 2003 Mar;23(2):129-35. http://doi.org/10.1067/maj.2003.18. PMID: 19336067.
Guillier D, Sapino G, Watfa W, Raffoul W, di Summa PG. Surgical treatment of symmastia: A systematic review of techniques, outcomes and complications. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Mar;74(3):449-62. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.138.
Hahn M, Kuner RP, Scheler P, et al. Sonographic criteria for the confirmation of implant rotation and the development of an implant-capsule-interaction («interface») in anatomically formed textured breast implants with texturised Biocell-surface. Ultraschall Med. 2008 Aug;29(4):399-404. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-963020. Epub 2007 Jul 3. PMID: 17610178.
Haiavy J, Frenzel CA. Correction of implant malposition with capsulorrhaphy: a retrospective review and implementation of patient survey. Am J Cosmetic Surg. 2011;28(2):75-83.
Hallab NJ, Samelko L, Hammond D Particulate debris released from breast implant surfaces are highly dependent on implant type. Aesthet Surg J. 2021 Jun 14;41(7):NP782-NP793. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab051.
Handel N. The double-bubble deformity: cause, prevention, and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Dec;132(6):1434-1443. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000434405.91316.9. PMID: 24281573.
Harris R, Raphael P, Harris SW. Thermal capsulorrhaphy: a modified technique for breast pocket revision. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 Sep;34(7):1041-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14542650.
Hartmann R, Weiherer M, Schiltz D, et al. New aspects in digital breast assessment: further refinement of a method for automated digital anthropometry. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 Mar;303(3):721-8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05862-2.
Hartzell TL, Taghinia AH, Chang J, Lin SJ, Slavin SA. The use of human acellular dermal matrix for the correction of secondary deformities after breast augmentation: results and costs. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Nov;126(5):1711-20. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ef900c.
Hauch AT, Francis CS, Artz JD, Chasan PE. Subpectoral implant repositioning with partial capsule preservation: treating the long-term complications of subglandular breast augmentation. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2021 Mar 2;3(2):ojab009. http://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojab009.
Hidalgo DA, Spector JA. Breast augmentation. J Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;33(4):567e-583e doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000033.
Hidalgo DA. Breast augmentation: Choosing the optimal incision, implant, and pocket plane. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000 May;105(6):2202-16; discussion 2217-8. http://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200005000-00047.
Hui A, Hong P, Bezuhly M. Use of acellular dermal matrices in laryngotracheal and pharyngeal reconstruction: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131:585-92. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215117001049.
Hutchinson LE, Castaldo AD, Malone CH, Sommer NZ, Amalfi AN. A pilot study evaluation of 3-dimensional imaging in cosmetic breast augmentation: results of a single surgeon 3.5 year retrospective study using the BREAST-Q Questionnaire. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2021 Jan 25;3(1):ojab005. http://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojab005.
Hwang DY, Park SH, Kim SW. A modified dual-plane technique using the serratus anterior fascia in primary breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017 Feb 22;5(2):e1213. http://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000001213.
ISAPS International survey on aesthetic/cosmetic procedures perfomed in 2021. www.isaps.org/media/vdpdanke/isaps-global-survey_2021.pdf.
Johnson GW Central core reduction mammoplasties and marlex suspension of breast tissue. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1981;5(1):77-84. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01981686.
Juan AN, Li YU. Advancement of complications related to augmentation mammoplasty using silicone gel prosthesis. Chinese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2020;2(1):51-8.
Kalaria SS, Henderson J, Moliver CL. Iatrogenic symmastia: causes and suggested repair technique. Aesthet Surg J. 2019 Jul 12;39(8):863-72. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy217.
Karabeg R, Jakirlic M, Karabeg A, Crnogorac D, Aslani I. The new method of pocket forming for breast implant placement in augmentation mammaplasty: dual plane subfascial. Med Arch. 2019 Jun;73(3):178-82. http://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2019.73.178-182.
Kaufman D. Pocket reinforcement using acellular dermal matrices in revisionary breast augmentation. Clin Plast Surg. 2012 Apr;39(2):137-48. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2012.02.001.
Khan UD. Back-to-front flipping of implants following augmentation mammoplasty and the role of physical characteristics in a round cohesive gel silicone breast implant: retrospective analysis of 3458 breast implants by a single surgeon. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2011 Feb;35(1):125-8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-010-9557-z.
Kim JYS, Davila AA, Persing S, et al. A meta-analysis of human acellular dermis and submuscular tissue expander breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Jan;129(1):28-41. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182361fd6. PMID: 22186498.
Kolker AR, Austen WG Jr, Slavin SA. Endoscopic-assisted transaxillary breast augmentation: minimizing complications and maximizing results with improvements in patient selection and technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2010 May;64(5):667-73. http://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181d9aa3d.
Lee HK, Jin US, Lee YH. Subpectoral and precapsular implant repositioning technique: correction of capsular contracture and implant malposition. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2011 Dec;35(6):1126-32. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9714-z.
Lesavoy MA, Trussler AP, Dickinson BP. Difficulties with subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty and its correction: the role of subglandular site change in revision aesthetic breast surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Jan;125(1):363-71. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181c2a4b0.
Lin F, Hong W, Zeng L, Kong X, Feng W, Luo S. A Prospective Study of Breast Morphological Changes and the Correlative Factors After Periareolar Dual-Plane Augmentation Mammaplasty with Anatomic Implant. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020 Dec;44(6):1965-1976. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-020-01665-7. Epub 2020 Mar 9. PMID: 32152710.
Liu Y, Luan J. Breast morphological changes after transaxillary dual-plane augmentation with smooth round implants: a prospective study. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023 Jun;47(3):966-78. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-022-03130-z.
Mallucci P, Bistoni G The use of anatomic implants in aesthetic breast surgery. Clin Plast Surg. 2021 Jan;48(1):141-56. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2020.09.010.
Maxwell GP, Van Natta BW, Bengtson BP, Murphy DK. Ten-year results from the Natrelle 410 anatomical form-stable silicone breast implant core study. Aesthet Surg J. 2015 Feb;35(2):145-55. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sju084.
Maxwell GP, Birchenough SA, Gabriel A. Efficacy of neopectoral pocket in revisionary breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2009 Sep-Oct;29(5):379-85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2009.08.012.
Maxwell GP, Gabriel A. Acellular dermal matrix for reoperative breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014 Nov;134(5):932-8. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000777.
Maxwell GP, Gabriel A. Efficacy of acellular dermal matrices in revisionary aesthetic breast surgery: a 6-year experience. Aesthet Surg J. 2013 Mar;33(3):389-99. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X13478967.
Maxwell GP, Gabriel A. Non-cross-linked porcine acellular dermal matrix in revision breast surgery: long-term outcomes and safety with neopectoral pockets. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 May 1;34(4):551-9. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14528207.
Maxwell GP, Gabriel A. The neopectoral pocket in revisionary breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2008 Jul-Aug;28(4):463-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2008.04.005.
Maxwell GP, Scheflan M, Spear S, Nava MB, Hedén P. Benefits and limitations of macrotextured breast implants and consensus recommendations for optimizing their effectiveness. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 Aug;34(6):876-81. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14538635.
Maxwell GP, Tebbets JB, Hester TR Site change in breast surgery. Presented at: American Association of Plastic Surgeons, St.Louis, MO; 1994.
McGuire P, Reisman NR, Murphy DK. Risk factor analysis for capsular contracture, malposition, and late seroma in subjects receiving Natrelle 410 form-stable silicone breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Jan;139(1):1-9. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002837.
Mihalečko J, Boháč M, Danišovič Ľ, Koller J, Varga I, Kuniaková M. Acellular dermal matrix in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Physiol Res. 2022 Dec 27;71(Suppl 1):S51-S57. http://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.935045.
Montemurro P, Avvedimento S, Hedén P, Quattrini Li A. A Four-Layer Wound Closure Technique with Barbed Sutures for Stable Reset of the Inframammary Fold in Breast Augmentation. Aesthet Surg J. 2016 Sep;36(8):966-71. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjw011. Epub 2016 Mar 14. PMID: 26977070.
Montemurro P, Papas A, Hedén P. Is rotation a concern with anatomical breast implants? A statistical analysis of factors predisposing to rotation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Jun;139(6):1367-78. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003387.
Munhoz AM. Relevance of breast silicone elastomer surface roughness and area to the inflammatory process and immune system activation: Is it time to reexamine this issue? Aesthet Surg J. 2021 Jul 14;41(8):NP1129-NP1131. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab068.
Munhoz AM, Clemens MW, Nahabedian MY. Breast implant surfaces and their impact on current practices: Where we are now and where are we going? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019 Oct 15;7(10):e2466. http://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002466.
Munhoz AM, de Azevedo Marques Neto A, Maximiliano J. Reoperative augmentation mammoplasty: an algorithm to optimize soft-tissue support, pocket control, and smooth implant stability with composite reverse inferior muscle sling (CRIMS) and its technical variations. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2022 Jun;46(3):1116-1132. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02726-1.
Munhoz AM, Marques Filho A, Ferrari O. Single-stage augmentation mastopexy with composite reverse inferior muscle sling technique for autologous reinforcement of the inferior pole: technical refinements and outcomes. Aesthet Surg J. 2020 May 16;40(6):NP356-NP373. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz334.
Munhoz AM, Santanelli di Pompeo F, De Mezerville R. Nanotechnology, nanosurfaces and silicone gel breast implants: current aspects. Case Rep Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017 Nov 29;4(1):99-113. http://doi.org/10.1080/23320885.2017.1407658.
Nahabedian MY. Breast deformities and mastopexy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Apr;127(4):91e-102e. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31820a7fa7.
Nair NM, Mills DC. Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) scaffold internal support: preliminary experience with direct implant opposition during complex breast revisions. Aesthet Surg J. 2019 Oct 15;39(11):1203-13. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy276.
Namnoum JD, Largent J, Kaplan HM, et al. Primary breast augmentation clinical trial outcomes stratified by surgical incision, anatomical placement and implant device type. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66:1165-72. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2013.04.046.
Parsa FD, Koehler SD, Parsa AA, Murariu D, Daher P. Symmastia after breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Mar;127(3):63e-65e. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31820635b5.
Pereira LH, Sterodimas A. Transaxillary breast augmentation: A prospective comparison of subglandular, subfascial, and submuscular implant insertion. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009 Sep;33(5):752-9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-009-9389-x.
Pérez ML, Castells-Sala C, López-Chicón P, et al. Fast protocol for the processing of split-thickness skin into decellularized human dermal matrix. Tissue Cell. 2021 Oct;72:101572. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2021.101572. Epub 2021 Jun 4. PMID: 34119882.
Pozner JN, White JB, Newman MI. Use of porcine acellular dermal matrix in revisionary cosmetic breast augmentation. Aesthet Surg J. 2013 Jul;33(5):681-90. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X13491279.
Qureshi AA, Myckatyn TM, Tenenbaum MM. Mastopexy and mastopexy-augmentation. Aesthet Surg J. 2018 Mar 14;38(4):374-84. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx181.
Randquist C, Cohen R. Commentary on: popcorn capsulorrhaphy in revision aesthetic breast surgery. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 2020;40(1):75-7. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz062.
Rohrich RJ, Hartley W, Brown S. Incidence of breast and chest wall asymmetry in breast augmentation: a retrospective analysis of 100 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Apr 1;111(4):1513-9; discussion 1520-3. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000049636.17522.1B.
Roxo AC, Nahas FX, Salin R, de Castro CC, Aboudib JH, Marques RG. Volumetric evaluation of the mammary gland and pectoralis major muscle following subglandular and submuscular breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(1):62-9.
Salgarello M, Visconti G. Short-scar augmentation mastopexy in massive-weight loss patients: four-step surgical principles for reliable and reproducible results. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020 Apr;44(2):272-82. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01540-0.
Salgarello M, Visconti G. Staying out of double-bubble and bottoming-out deformities in dual-plane breast augmentation: anatomical and clinical study. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017 Oct;41(5):999-1006. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-017-0918-8.
Sanchez ER, Howland N, Kaltwasser K, Moliver CL. Anatomy of the sternal origin of the pectoralis major: implications for subpectoral augmentation. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 Nov;34(8):1179-84. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14546370.
Schots JM, Fechner MR, Hoogbergen MM, van Tits HW. Malrotation of the McGhan Style 510 prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Jul;126(1):261-5. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181dab295.
Serra F, Aboudib JH, Marques RG. Intramuscular technique for gluteal augmentation: Determination and quantification of muscle atrophy and implant position by computed tomographic scan. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Feb;131(2):253e-259e. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182789d68.
Sforza M, Hammond DC, Botti G, et al. Expert Consensus on the Use of a New Bioengineered, Cell-Friendly, Smooth Surface Breast Implant. Aesthet Surg J. 2019 Apr 8;39(Suppl_3):S95-S102. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz054. Erratum in: Aesthet Surg J. 2019 May 08;: PMID: 30958549; PMCID: PMC6460429.
Sforza M, Zaccheddu R, Alleruzzo A, et al. Preliminary 3-Year Evaluation of Experience With SilkSurface and VelvetSurface Motiva Silicone Breast Implants: A Single-Center Experience With 5813 Consecutive Breast Augmentation Cases. Aesthet Surg J. 2018 May 15;38(suppl_2):S62-S73. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx150. Erratum in: Aesthet Surg J. 2021 Apr 12;41(5):639. PMID: 29040364; PMCID: PMC5952962.
Shestak KC. Acellular dermal matrix inlays to correct significant implant malposition in patients with compromised local tissues. Aesthet Surg J. 2011 Sep;31(suppl. 7):85S-94S. http://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X11418337.
Siclovan HR, Jomah JA. Advantages and outcomes in subfascial breast augmentation: a two-year review of experience. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2008 May;32(3):426-31. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-008-9141-y.
Somogyi RB, Brown MH. Outcomes in primary breast augmentation: a single surgeon’s review of 1539 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Jan;135(1):87-97. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000773.
Sorkin M, Qi J, Kim HM, et al. Acellular dermal matrix in immediate expander/implant breast reconstruction: a multicenter assessment of risks and benefits. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Dec;140(6):1091-1100. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003842.
Spear SL. Augmentation/mastopexy: surgeon, beware. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Dec;118(suppl. 7):133S-134S; discussion 135S. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.00000722257.66189.3E.
Spear SL, Dayan JH, Bogue D, et al. The «neosubpectoral» pocket for the correction of symmastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Sep;124(3):695-703. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181a8c89d. PMID: 19363454.
Spear SL, Little JWR. Breast capsulorrhaphy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988 Feb;81(2):274-9. http://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198802000-00026.
Spear SL, Murphy DK, Slicton A, Walker PS; Inamed Silicone Breast Implant US. Study Group. Inamed silicone breast implant core study results at 6 years. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007 Dec;120(7 Suppl 1):8S-16S. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000286580.93214.df.
Spear SL, Schwartz J, Dayan JH, Clemens MW. Outcome assessment of breast distortion following submuscular breast augmentation. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2009 Jan;33(1):44-8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-008-9275-y.
Spear SL, Sinkin JC, Al-Attar A. Porcine acellular dermal matrix (strattice) in primary and revision cosmetic breast surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 May;131(5):1140-8. http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182865d0c.
Spence RJ, Feldman JJ, Ryan JJ. Symmastia: the problem of medial confluence of the breasts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984 Feb;73(2):261-9. PMID: 6695024.
Strasser EJ. An objective grading system for the evaluation of cosmetic surgical results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Dec;104(7):2282-5. http://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199912000-00056.
Strasser EJ. Results of subglandular versus subpectoral augmentation over time: one surgeon’s observations. Aesthet Surg J. 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1):45-50.
Swanson E. The limitations of implantable mesh in mastopexy. Ann Plast Surg 2017 Oct;79(4):327-8. http://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001203.
Swanson E. The supra-inframammary fold approach to breast augmentation: avoiding a double bubble. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017 Jul 5;5(7):e1411. http://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000001411.
Tanner EJ, Dun E, Sonoda Y, et al. A comparison of thermal plasma energy versus argon beam coagulator-induced intestinal injury after vaporization in a porcine model. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2017 Jan;27(1):177-82. http://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000000849.
Tebbetts JB, Adams WP. Five critical decisions in breast augmentation using five measurements in 5 minutes: the high five decision support process. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(7):2005-16.
Tebbetts JB. Alternatives and trade-offs in breast augmentation. Clin Plast Surg. 2001 Jul;28(3):485-500.
Tebbetts JB. Dual plane breast augmentation: optimizing implant-soft-tissue relationships in a wide range of breast types. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Dec;118(suppl. 7):81S-98S; discussion 99S-102S. http://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200612001-00012. PMID: 17099485.
Tork S, Jefferson RC, Janis JE. Acellular dermal matrices: applications in plastic surgery. Semin Plast Surg. 2019 Aug;33(3):173-84. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693019.
van Straalen WR, Hage JJ, Bloemena E. The inframammary ligament: myth or reality? Ann Plast Surg. 1995 Sep;35(3):237-41. http://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199509000-00003.
Ventura OD, Marcello GA. Anatomic and physiologic advantages of totally subfascial breast implants. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2005 Sep-Oct;29(5):379-83; discussion 384. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-004-0019-3.
Villa MT, White LE, Alam M, et al. Barbed sutures: a review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Mar;121(3):102e-108e. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000299452.24743.65.
Voglimacci M, Garrido I, Mojallal A, et al. Autologous fat grafting for cosmetic breast augmentation: a systematic review. Aesthet Surg J. 2015 May;35(4):378-93. http://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv030. PMID: 25908697.
Voice SD, Carlsen LN. Using a capsular flap to correct breast implant malposition. Aesthet Surg J. 2001 Sep;21(5):441-4. http://doi.org/10.1067/maj.2001.119123.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
